Molecular Genetics of Liver Neoplasia, 2011
Xin Wei Wang, Joe W. Grisham, and Snorri S.  Thorgeirsson
ISBN-10: 1441960813 
ISBN-13: 978-1441960818 
Springer
Primary liver cancer is the third most deadly  and fifth most common cancer worldwide (~500,000 deaths annually), with a sharp  increase of incidence in the United States in recent years. Hepatocellular  carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC) are the major types of primary liver  cancer. Risk factors include gender, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus  (HCV), cirrhosis, metabolism diseases, diabetes, obesity, toxins, excess alcohol  consumption and smoking. Liver cancer arises most frequently in inflammatory  livers with extensive oxidative stress due to viral hepatitis which causes over  80% of HCC cases worldwide. Currently, survival remains dismal for most HCC and  CC patients, largely due to the tumor’s aggressiveness at the time of diagnosis  and the lack of effective therapy.